From itch to inflammation: Understanding eczema in the context ofimmune response

Atopic dermatitis (AD), commonly known as eczema, is a chronic and non-curable inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense itching, redness, dryness, and rashes. It typically manifests during infancy or early childhood and can persist into adulthood. AD is closely linked to immune system dysregulation, elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), and a weakened skin barrier, making affected individuals more susceptible to skin infections and increasing the likelihood of developing asthma and allergies later in life—a progression known as the “Allergic March”. Conventional treatment primarily involves moisturizers and topical corticosteroids; however, these are often associated with adverse effects. New therapeutic options such as topical calcineurin inhibitors and biologic agents targeting specific immune pathways have been introduced in recent years. Additionally, advancements in drug delivery systems have emerged to enhance the safety and effectiveness of treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology, conventional and modern treatment approaches, and recent innovations in managing AD