Sustainable drug delivery systems: Building a greener future from design to disposal

The increasing demand for pharmaceuticals has raised concerns regarding resource use, waste generation, environmental pollution, and sustainability of healthcare systems in the long run. To overcome these challenges and ensure the therapeutic efficacy and safety of patients, sustainable drug delivery systems (SDDS) have been proposed as a promising strategy. The present review deals with the use of biodegradable and renewable biomaterials such as chitosan, alginate, starch-based polymers, polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose nanofibers, silk fibroin, lignin nanoparticles, and bacterial cellulose for the preparation of green drug delivery systems. The article also discusses sustainable manufacturing techniques such as continuous 8 manufacturing, green solvents, Process Analytical Technology (PAT), and Quality by Design (QbD) that enhance resource efficiency and minimize waste. It also addresses the role of eco friendly packaging, life-cycle assessment, waste management, and circular economy principles. Future drivers of sustainable pharmaceutical innovation were discussed including nanomedicine, artificial intelligence, digital twins and personalised medicine. In conclusion, SDDS is a revolutionary approach towards greener, smarter, and patient-centric healthcare.