A panoramic view of inflammation: Etiology, pathophysiology, and management strategies

Inflammation, a fundamental biological process, plays a pivotal role in host defense and disease pathogenesis. This paper explores the triggers, mechanisms, impact, and management of inflammation. It highlights infectious agents, chemical/physical factors, and autoimmunity as key initiators, activating cellular components such as macrophages and neutrophils via pathways such as NF-kB and inflammasomes. While acute inflammation promotes healing, its dysregulation leads to chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disorders, and fibrosis. Traditional treatment involves NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and DMARDs, while emerging therapies focus on precise targeting of immune pathways and metabolic immunomodulation. Lifestyle modifications, including anti-inflammatory diets, also play a critical role. Unresolved issues persist regarding the transition from acute to chronic inflammation, necessitating further research into novel therapy targets and a personalized approach for effective resolutions.