Inflammation in dry eye disease: From pathogenesis to promising therapeutic avenues

Tear film dysfunction is a unifying characteristic of dry eye disease (DED), propelled by an intricate interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. This article explores the complex pathophysiology of tear film instability, including abnormalities in the lipid, aqueous, and mucin layers. The involvement of inflammation and neurosensory changes in disease pathology is also discussed. Current and future therapeutic modalities are addressed, emphasizing targeted therapies designed to restore tear film homeostasis and enhance patient outcomes in managing DED.