The genetic influence on premenopausal and menopausal health: Implications for aging and disease risk

Menopause timing is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, with significant implications for aging and risk for disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants affecting age at natural menopause (ANM), highlighting pathways related to DNA repair, immune function, and ovarian aging. Rare genetic variants in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 are linked to earlier menopause and increased cancer risks. Additionally, earlier menopause is associated with osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, while later menopause raises risks for breast and endometrial cancers. Epigenetic studies suggest menopause timing correlates with biological aging. Understanding genetic determinants of menopause offers insights into aging mechanisms and potential interventions for disease prevention. Future research integrating genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors may lead to personalized approaches for promoting women’s health during aging.