Aplastic anemia: Insights and updates

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare condition characterised by reduction in production of blood cells due to damaged bone marrow function. In AA, there is autoimmune response towards the bone marrow cells that results in its impairment. AA pathophysiology revolves around upregulation of T cells and pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines. AA has multiple causes and pathogenic factors, and all lead to destruction of hematopoietic stem cells. Many molecular proteins and cascades are associated with pathological advancement in AA. Diagnosis of AA is also challenging. AA is generally diagnosed by blood cell count and haemoglobin determination. However, for differential diagnosis various protein markers for peripheral blood can be utilised. Therapeutic considerations for AA mainly include haematopoietic stem cell transplant and immunosuppressants. However, nowadays, may novel therapies as well as new regimens are discovered. Such novel approaches prove promising for therapeutic advancement and possible cure for AA. Extensive studies through collaborative efforts in this area can lead to better therapies for mitigation of AA.