Mechanisms and biomarkers of menopausal transition

Transition from perimenopause to menopause is often marked by mood swings, hormonal fluctuations and other biological symptoms such as sleep disturbances, hot flashes and changes in menstrual cycles. Symptoms typically begin during mid to late 40’s and can last for 4-5 years. This period can greatly impact quality of life in women; affecting emotional, physical, social well-being and is linked to increased risk of diseases like cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, osteoporosis and obesity. Perimenopause progresses through two main phases namely; irregular menstrual cycles and amenorrhea culminating into menopause. The global prevalence of perimenopausal symptoms varies across regions with vasomotor symptoms of hot flashes and night sweats being more common in certain populations based on ethnicities and geographical locations. The mechanisms behind these symptoms including hormonal fluctuations and their effects on brain and cardiovascular health are complex. Estrogen withdrawal is associated with mood disorders and cognitive changes. Management strategies including hormone replacement therapy (HRT), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and lifestyle modifications are essential in mitigating symptoms and improving overall health in menopausal women. A holistic approach involving proper nutrition, medications, exercise and psychological self-care play crucial role in enhancing well-being during perimenopausal to menopausal transition in women. Keywords: Perimenopause, menopause, vasomotor symptoms, estrogen, women health